Voice Over IP (VoIP)

Voice over IP (VoIP, or voice over Internet Protocol) commonly refers to the communication protocols, technologies, methodologies, and transmission techniques involved in the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet.

Early providers of voice over IP services offered business models (and technical solutions) that mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second generation providers, such as Skype have built closed networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free calls and convenience, while denying their users the ability to call out to other networks. This has severely limited the ability of users to mix-and-match third-party hardware and software. Third generation providers, such as Google Talk have adopted the concept of Federated VoIP – which is a complete departure from the architecture of the legacy networks. These solutions typically allow arbitrary and dynamic interconnection between any two domains on the Internet whenever a user wishes to place a call.

VoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the set-up and tear-down of calls as well as audio codecs which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network as digital audio via an audio stream. The choice of codec varies between different implementations of VoIP depending on application requirements and network bandwidth; some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs. Some popular codecs include u-law and a-law versions of G.711, G.722 which is a high-fidelity codec marketed as HD Voice by Polycom, a popular open source voice codec known as iLBC, a codec that only uses 8 kbit/s each way called G.729, and many others.

VoIP is available on many smartphones and Internet devices so that users of portable devices that are not phones, may place calls or send SMS text messages over 3G or Wi-Fi.

The Effects Of 4G

The Effects Of 4G:

The introduction of 4G will allow everyone to browse the internet of their mobile phones much faster and will diminish "Buffering." However, this was said about 3G when it came out and within quite a short period of time, the amount of time it took for the majority of the population to get it, it became very slow, hence the need for the move to 4G. So basically, 4G will be very good, but we will soon need "5G" or something else that will allow fast browsing.

4G has and will benefit companies and businesses also, because of the huge usage of emails etc that help businesses in contacting their partners and othe businesses.

Different Types Of Computors

Desktop Computors:
These re probably the type of computer you are most familiar with. They come with a monitor (now usually a TFT screen), keyboard, mouse, CD-RW and a DVD-RW or at least a DVD-ROM.

Laptop Computors:

These are also very common. They usually have the same processors as desktops and similar sized main memory and hard disk drive, although you will pay more for a laptop as a desktop with the same specification. Laptops have the advantage that they can carried about easily and run from a battery. Often they have built in wireless technology allowing them to connected to network without having to use cables. Laptops do not come with a mouse due to the fact that they are often used where there in not a table to use a mouse on. Instead they have a touchpad built into them. You would also expect a laptop to have a CD-RW and DVD-ROM as standard.

Palmtop Computers (sometimes called PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants)):

These have a small touch senstive screen and come with a stylus allowing the user to select things off screen. Data entry is usually done using handwriting recognition although some PDAs do have a small keyboard. They can be used to do tasks similar to ones done by desktop and laptops but more often they are used for note taking, calendars, address books and a means of sending and recieving email. A palmtop works together with a desktop or laptop so data can be transferred between computers. This is done using a cable or using Bluetooth wireless technology.

Mainframe Computers:

These are very large powerful computer systems that are usually at the heart of a business. The mainframe computer will have a very powerful processor, large amounts of main memory and a huge backing storage capacity. They are accessed through one or more terminals. Terminals consist of a screen, keyboard, mouse but no processor as all the processing is done by the mainframe.

Task 1.11

Teacher: Laptop, can work from home if needed and can easily move from classroom to classroom.

News Reporter: A news reporter would use a Notebook as it has very high mobility, and its main use is for writing documents.

Website Designer: Desktop, working in a stationary environment, working with something purely on the computer.

Doctor: Desktop, high performance and doesn't need to be mobile. 

Traffic Warden: A PDA would be the easiest choice for a traffic warden because it doesn’t take long to start up and is very mobile.

Transferring Images

Buying An iPhone 5

This table provides us with all the possibilities regarding your options when buying a 64GB iPhone 5. It allows you to browse different options from various Mobile Phone Providers. These are: Orange, T-Mobile, O2 and Vodafone.

Types Of Images

Monochrome Bitmap -

A Monochrome bitmap is black and white bitmap file. A monochrome bitmap is a rectangular grid of pixels, but each pixel is represented by a single bit. Eight pixels are in each byte of the bitmap. Monochrome bitmaps are often used for bitmapped text or single-coloured images.

 

16/24/256 Colour Bitmap -

A representation in which each item corresponds to one or more bits of information, esp. the information used to control the display of a computer screen. The more bits there are, the bigger the file size and the higher the definition of the image.

 

JPEG –

The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable trade-off between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality.

 

GIF -

The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is a bitmap image format that was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability. It is a popular format for image files, with built-in data compression.

 

TIFF -

Tagged Image File Format (abbreviated TIFF) is a file format for storing images, popular among Apple Macintosh owners, graphic artists, the publishing industry, and both amateur and professional photographers in general. As of 2009, it is under the control of Adobe Systems.

 

PNG -

Portable Network Graphics (PNG) is a bitmapped image format that employs lossless data compression. PNG was created to improve upon and replace GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) as an image-file format not requiring a patent license.